Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Validation of the altimetry-based water levels from Sentinel-3A and B in the Inner Niger Delta

International audienceThe comprehension of water level fluctuations and the sustainability of the Inner Niger River Delta (IND) is a major concern for the scientific community, but also for the local population. Located in the centre of Mali, the heart of the Sahel, the delta is characterised by a floodable area of more than 32 000 km2 during the rainy season, which contributes very strongly to the vitality of local ecosystem, and is consequently classified as a Ramsar site under the international Convention for Wetlands. In addition, the Delta acts as an environmental and socio-economic development barometer for the entire sub-region. Nowadays, we can observe an increasing fragility of the delta due to climate change, desertification and human activities, and justifies the need for permanent monitoring. The present study is based on the recent successes of radar altimetry, originally designed to monitor the dynamics topography of the ocean, and now very frequently used to retrieve inland water levels, of lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Previous studies evaluated the performances of several radar altimetry missions including Low Resolution Mode (LRM) (Topex-Poseidon, Jason-1/2/3, ERS-2, ENVISAT, and SARAL, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-3A missions for water level retrievals over 1992-2017. More than 50 times series of water levels were build at the crossing between water bodies and Sentinel-3A and 3B over 2016-2020. Twenty-four comparisons between in-situ and altimetry-based time-series of water levels were achieved over the IND. RMSE generally lower than 0.7 m and r higher than 0.9 were obtained

Consistent patterns of Antarctic ice sheet interannual variations from ENVISAT radar altimetry and GRACE satellite gravimetry

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Contribution of automatically generated radar altimetry water levels from unsupervised classification to study hydrological connectivity within Amazon floodplains

Study region: The Curuaí floodplain in the low Amazon river in the Pará state of Brazil and Juruá basin, a major Solimões tributary. Study focus: Characterizing the hydrological dynamics of Amazon floodplains is essential to better understand and preserve these environments providing important resources to local populations. Radar altimetry is an effective remote sensing tool for monitoring water levels of continental hydrosystems, including floodplains. An unsupervised classification approach on radar echoes to determine hydrological regimes has recently been tested and showed a strong potential on the Congo River basin. This method is adapted to Envisat and Saral satellite radar altimetry data on two study areas in the Amazon Basin. The aim is to improve inland water detection along altimeter tracks to automatically generate water level time series (WLTS) over rivers, lakes, and poorly monitored floodplains and wetlands. New hydrological insights: Results show a good agreement with land cover maps obtained with optical imagery over selected Amazonian wetlands (70–80% accuracies with Envisat data and 50–60% with Saral data). Automatically generated WLTS are strongly correlated to the manually generated WLTS (R² ≈ 0.9; RMSE < 1 m). Compared to the manual method, the automatic method is faster, more efficient and replicable. Densifying the WL network in the floodplains bring crucial information on the connectivity dynamic between lakes and rivers

Inversion of Surface Soil Moisture from Radar Altimetry Backscattering in Semi-Arid Environments

International audienceSurface Soil Moisture (SSM) is a key parameter of water and energy balances in semi-arid areas. SSM is linearly related to the radar backscattering coefficients (σ0) over sand. Linear relationships are commonly used for inverting SSM in semi-arid areas from SAR and scatterometer data. Recent studies demonstrated that SSM can also be inversed from radar altimetry backscattering. An inversion method combining radar altimetry σ0 and land surface model (LSM) outputs is proposed here

CTOH studies for extending the range of altimetry applications over the ocean and continental surfaces

The Center for Topography of the Oceans and Hydrosphere (CTOH) is a French Observation Service created in 1989 and dedicated to satellite altimetry studies. It focuses on the development and promotion of new processing approaches of the altimetric data for emerging research domains (coastal ocean, oceanic sub-mesoscale phenomenons, continental surface water, sea ice, polar caps). It works in close relationship with space agencies (mainly CNES and ESA) at different levels for satellite altimetry missions: preparation of new missions, definition of the user’s needs, CAL/VAL studies, signal analysis & data reprocessing, development of thematic products, teaching and outreach. In terms of data distribution, the CTOH maintains a global GDR data base for almost all altimetry missions since Topex/Poseidon. All the products are made homogeneous (addition of the most recent parameters / corrections for the old missions) and provided in netcdf format. A new version of ERS-2 data, reprocessed by the CTOH for hydrological applications is also available (it includes ICE-1 and ICE-2 retrackers). Both 1Hz and 10/20/40Hz data are available globally. For some products, the CTOH database contains also L1 products (waveforms). In addition, the CTOH develops new altimetry products: • Fine-resolution ocean products: position of the main Southern Ocean polar fronts and global climatology of near-inertial current characteristics. • Coastal products : X-TRACK along-track SLA time series and tidal harmonic constants, reprocessed with a software designed for coastal altimetry, but also the recent high-resolution (20-Hz) X-TRACK/ALES sea level product, now reaching a distance of 3-4 km from the coast on average (see Leger et al., OSTST 2022). These products are distributed by AVISO+ and by ESA, respectively. • Continental hydrology products : including Topex/Poseidon reprocessed by the CASH project and water level maps developed for 5 rivers: the Amazon, Orenoque, Gange-Bramhapoutre, Congo and Mekong.It also contributes to the development of sea-ice products distributed by AVISO+ (Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Snow depth monthly maps over sea ice) and to the “Hydroweb” data base for monitoring river and lake levels

Evaluation of the Performances of Radar and Lidar Altimetry Missions for Water Level Retrievals in Mountainous Environment: The Case of the Swiss Lakes

International audienceRadar altimetry is now commonly used to provide long-term monitoring of inland water levels in complement to or for replacing disappearing in situ networks of gauge stations. Recent improvements in tracking and acquisition modes improved the quality the water retrievals. The newly implemented Open Loop mode is likely to increase the number of monitored water bodies owing to the use of an a priori elevation, especially in hilly and mountainous areas. The novelty of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performances of the past and current radar altimetry missions according to their acquisition (Low Resolution Mode or Synthetic Aperture Radar) and tracking (close or open loop) modes, and acquisition frequency (Ku or Ka) in a mountainous area where tracking losses of the signal are likely to occur, as well as of the recently launched ICESat-2 and GEDI lidar missions. To do so, we evaluate the quality of water level retrievals from most radar altimetry missions launched after 1995 over eight lakes in Switzerland, using the recently developed ALtimetry Time Series software, to compare the performances of the new tracking and acquisition modes and also the impact of the frequency used. The combination of the Open Loop tracking mode with the Synthetic Aperture Radar acquisition mode on SENTINEL-3A and B missions outperforms the classical Low Resolution Mode of the other missions with a lake observability greater than 95%, an almost constant bias of (-0.17 +/- 0.04) m, a RMSE generally lower than 0.07 m and a R most of the times higher than 0.85 when compared to in situ gauge records. To increase the number of lakes that can be monitored and the temporal sampling of the water level retrievals, data acquired by lidar altimetry missions were also considered. Very accurate results were also obtained with ICESat-2 data with RMSE lower than 0.06 and R higher than 0.95 when compared to in situ water levels. An almost constant bias (0.42 +/- 0.03) m was also observed. More contrasted results were obtained using GEDI. As these data were available on a shorter time period, more analyses are necessary to determine their potential for retrieving water levels

AlTiS Software for generating Time-Series of Water Levels from Radar Altimetry Data

Satellite radar altimetry can be used to determine water level height of continental water bodies, if used with appropriate processing that depends on the size and geometrical configuration of the targets. AlTiS (Altimetry Time Series) is software designed to visualize and process radar altimetry data with the goal of generating time series data of radar altimetry data over water bodies of different sizes such as river, lakes and wetlands. Even if its major goal is the creation of time-series of water levels derived from the altimetry range, it can also be used to generate time series of any other altimetry parameters (e.g., corrections applied to the range, backscattering coefficients, or brightness temperatures).Through a Graphical User Interface (GUI), without any skills in data processing, the user can handle altimetry data in order to: • Display several parameters of altimetry data like surface height, altimetric range, atmospheric corrections (ionosphere and wet and dry troposphere path delay corrections) and also to display some characteristic parameters of the waveform like the backscatter coefficient, and peakiness. • Graphically select altimetric measurements to remove outliers and easily done owing to Landsat background image. • Generate water height time series from the valid altimetry data previously selected • Export the time series into various files format as CSV and HydroWebAlTiS accepts CTOH altimetry products (Level 2 GDR supplied by the CTOH). CTOH GDR data have been specifically conditioned to optimize the data size by making a geographical selection and includes the right altimetry parameters for hydrological studies.AlTiS can process several altimetric data products from followed missions : Jason-1/2/3, ERS-2, ENVISAT, SARAL, Sentinel-3A/B, and soon, Sentinel-6/Jason-CS and the nadir altimeter onboard SWOT. They are supplied for free through a web request form on the CTOH website (http://ctoh.legos.obs-mip.fr/applications/land_surfaces/altimetric_data/altis).AlTiS is mainly employed for hydrological applications and can be used for training courses on radar altimetry at bachelor or master levels. It is also a very convenient tool to analyse the radar altimetry data contained in the GDR over any type of land surfaces.AlTiS is a software developed by CTOH as part of its activities as a National Observation Service. AlTiS is a free software and it is released as an open source under the CeCill License. Altis is working under python3 environment and tested for GNU/Linux, Windows 10/11.AlTiS is available on GitLab : https://gitlab.com/ctoh/alti